Retention

Student control over learning

whole-language programs

teacher subject matter knowledge

Gender (male compared with female achievement)

Ability grouping/tracking/streaming

Matching teaching with student learning styles

Within-class grouping

Reducing class size

Individualizing instruction

Using simulations and games

Teacher expectations

Professional development on student achievement

Home environment

Influence on peers

Phonics instruction

Providing worked examples

Direct instruction

Cooperative v. individualistic learning

Concept mapping

acceleration (skipping a year)

meta-cognitive strategy programs

Teacher-student relationships

reciprocal teaching

Feedback

Formative evaluation

Teacher credibility in eyes of the students

Student expectations